By AFP | 2024-09-05

QUITO -- Biologist Cesar Garzon was searching for a small, endangered parakeet in southern Ecuador when he was warned he might be kidnapped, highlighting the danger for scientists in the biodiverse country engulfed in narco-violence.

"Do your work somewhere else because it is dangerous here," he said a man told him in April, in the troubled mining town of Camilo Ponce Enriquez.

That night, the town's mayor was shot and killed.

In August, a violent clash between criminal groups left five people dead, including two who were found decapitated and one who was burned.

Garzon, an ornithologist at the state-run National Institute of Biodiversity (Inabio), tried to continue his research in a neighboring town, whose mayor was also killed.

Tired of the ever-present danger, he packed his bags and returned to Quito.

Garzon has been studying the El Oro parakeet for two decades, working for its conservation and supporting the sustainable management of its habitats.

Mostly green, with a red forehead, the bird is endemic to Ecuador and has been seen only in the southwest provinces of Azuay and El Oro.

Since only an estimated 1,000 specimens remain, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists it as in danger of extinction.

Garzon visited Camilo Ponce Enriquez, Azuay province, to track down and study the endangered parakeet.

But the gold-rich town is in the grips of the Los Lobos drug trafficking gang, which finances its activities with illegal mining.

"We are left with uncertainty and frustration ... There is a lack of information on that site," he told AFP.

He said the violence was a blow to conservation as there "could be important areas that are home to endemic or threatened species and we can't do anything."

'Windows of opportunity'

Sandwiched between Colombia and Peru -- the world's top cocaine producers -- once-peaceful Ecuador has seen violence explode in recent years as enemy gangs with links to Mexican and Colombian cartels vie for control.

As the gangs have gained ground, homicides in Ecuador soared from six per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018 to a record 47 per 100,000 in 2023.

Mario Yanez, another biologist from Inabio, said his current work revolves around finding "windows of opportunity" to continue researching despite the violence.

Scientists work closely with local communities and authorities and do shorter field trips or focus on similar species located in less risky areas.

"The levels of violence have led to total restrictions in certain areas of the country," especially on the coast and where there is mining, said Yanez.

These places carry the "stigma" of the violence, and that "unfortunately is limiting international cooperation funds to be able to carry out conservation actions," he added.

The private Lalo Loor reserve in southwestern Manabi is one of Ecuador's last intact remnants of a unique ecosystem known as a coastal dry forest, home to many endemic species.

The province is also a drug trafficking stronghold.

Because of the security crisis, American universities cancelled an annual visit of researchers and students to the reserve, a major source of income for Lalo Loor.

Their continued absence could force the reserve's administrative office to shutter, manager Mariela Loor said.

Research on hold

Judith Denkinger, a German biologist at the private Universidad San Francisco de Quito, told AFP that since 2022 she has put on hold her two decades of research into humpback whales on the coast of the conflict-ridden northwestern province of Esmeraldas, bordering Colombia.

She has been unable to gather photographic or acoustic records of the humpback whales that come to the equatorial Pacific to mate and give birth.

She also highlighted the plight of fishermen -- with whom she often works at sea.

"Pirates, who are usually drug traffickers, come and threaten them, hijack their boat or steal their motor or kidnap them" to force them into drug trafficking, she said.

Daniel Vizuete, a specialist in Social Studies of Science and Technology at the Flacso University in Quito, said research related to the environment was "perhaps the most eroded precisely because it occurs ... in places where institutions are weaker."

"That means that even the lives of researchers can be at risk," he added.

He also points to other possible effects of criminal violence on science such as a "setback in terms of participation of women."